Since, their microarchitecture description varies greatly, these Q-ISA are framed without considering the lower level implications to interface with the quantum processor. Some Q-ISA currently available include Von-Neumann architecture based virtual instruction set architecture, Hierarchical QASM with loops (QASM-HL), Quil from Rigetti computing, Quantum Physical Operations Language (QPOL), and OpenQASM from IBM, etc. Similar to evolution of programming languages in domain of quantum computing, QASM is also required to be standardized for successful future course of action. But compilers for all these languages convert them to some variant of Quantum Assembly Language (QASM). Therefore, nature of logical gates and circuit models tend to curb the concept of universality.ДЄs is shown in previous sections, a number of high level languages exist in which quantum programming can be done. Conversely, quantum gates and circuit model are designed to instruct and obtain most probable result (While maintaining true universal nature). This further indicates that even classical universal gates will not allow user to encounter each result as they are bound in terms of mathematics and classical mechanics. Classical logical gates and circuit model are designed to instruct and obtain definite and rigid results. Depending on the required order of differentiation for basic logical operations, we are able to calculate the processing unit throughput.

All these characteristics collectively decide the understanding of the given problem to your processing system. Here, the term better refers to a number of aspects of ISA including length of instruction (such as RISC or CISC), its nature of throughput (i.e., whether it is under domain of SIMD, SISD, etc.), number of instructions required for performing basic logical operations and many more. The better the ISA, more refine is the abstraction process.

In reality, the instruction set architecture is actually responsible for data abstraction.

While many computer architects may interpret the function of instruction set architecture (ISA) as simply outputting instructions to be performed by the processing unit. Parth Bir, in Advances in Computers, 2021 3.4 Quantum instruction set architecture (Q-ISA)

Assembly programming language list